In Custody Summary by Anita Desai

About the Author:

Anita Desai (1937-present) is an Indian novelist who has immensely contributed in the development of partition and diasporic literature over the years. In her writings, she deals with the theme of root/ rootlessness, nostalgia, and the concept of place, displacement and many other aspects of postcolonial literature excellently.

She was awarded the Sahitya Academy Award in 1978 for her famous novel Fire on the Mountain. Some of her notable works are Cry the Peacock, Village by the Sea, Clear Light of Day

Desai deals with the theme of linguistic colonisation, rootlessness, in post- partition India. She explores the theme of identity crisis, existential crisis, alienation of modern people also in In Custody (1984).

List of characters in In Custody:

1.Deven Sharma: A lecturer in the department of Hindi in Lala Ram Lal college.

2.Murad : Deven’s childhood friend who edits a magazine called Awaaz.

3.Sarla: Deven’s wife

4. Manu: Deven’s son

5. Nur: The legendary living Urdu poet whom Deven idolizes.

6.Abid Siddiqui: Departmental head of Urdu in Lala Ram Lal College.

7.Mr. Trivedi : The departmental head of Hindi at Lala

Ram Lal College.

8. Mr. Jain: The shopkeeper of tape recorder. Deven buys the second hand tape recorder from him.

9. Safia Begum: First wife of Nur

10. Imtiaz Begum : Second wife of Nur.

11. Chiku: Nephew of Mr. Jain

12. Pintu: Another nephew of Mr. Jain

A Brief Summary of In Custody:

Deven Sharma teaches Hindi in a small city centric and life very poorly. From his childhood days, he is highly passionate for Urdu language and literature. He has been forced to teach Hindi due to the socio-economic and political matters in post-partition India. One day his friend Murad, the editor of a journal that works for Urdu literature, requests him to make an interview with Nur, the epitome and living legend of Urdu language and Deven accepts this opportunity gladly as it will help him to meet and learn a lot about Urdu literature. He goes to Chandni Chowk in old Delhi to take the interview, but seeing the unhealthy and dilapidated condition of the house of Nur destroys Deven’s illusory thinking about Nur as he thought that Nur lives elegantly. Though he refuses to interview after his bitter experience at the first time, he decides to interview for the second time as he feels the responsibility to be the protector of Nur’s writings to save Urdu language from destruction. He collects some money from the fund of the college with the help of Siddique, his friend and lecturer of Urdu department to buy a second-hand tape recorder and reaches a rented room with Chiku, the boy who will record the interview. But Chiku fails to record the interview due to his negligence. Ultimately, Deven has recorded nothing but unnecessary audio and faces the debt for payment to Nur, his first wife, Chiku etc. Deven faces a lot of difficulties in the college and his job faces threats. Deven realizes that one should face and accepts the challenges of life to be victorious. The novel comes to an end with the epiphany of Deven as he feels the need and urgency to be the custodian of Nur’s Urdu writings. This feeling makes him courageous to face the difficulties of his university and runs his family life.

Chapter wise detailed summary :

Chapter-1

The novel begins with Deven’s expression of anxiety. He works as lecturer in the department of Hindi and gets paid poorly. The novel is set in Mirpore with the lack and unavailability of socio-economic and political opportunity. He goes to the canteen to buy two cigarettes. On his way to go to the class, he is interrupted by Murad, his childhood friend. Murad repeatedly asks Deven to spend time with him without taking Deven’s scheduled classes which Deven doesn’t by thinking of his poor financial condition. During their conversations, Murad goes on taunting Deven indirectly. While taking the class, Deven unconsciously goes on thinking about the sound financial base of Murad and how Murad has not paid Deven though Deven wrote book reviews and some poems for Murad’s magazine called “Awaaz”. After the classes are over, Deven asks Murad to give his fees for writing reviews on Urdu writings for Murad’s magazine. Murad doesn’t pay. Instead, he says that Urdu language is going towards oblivion as the only surviving legendary Urdu poet stops writing. He asks Deven to reach Nur and interview him. Murad’s intention is to convince Deven to go to Delhi for meeting with Nur, the legendary living Urdu poet and make a documentary which will bring profit for Murad by publishing in his magazine called “Awaaz”. Deven becomes highly excited to get this opportunity. In his childhood days, his father used to read and recite famous lines from Nur’s poems. He idolises Nur and worships him like a living god. He also thinks that Murad doesn’t give him payment for his writing reviews on Urdu writing earlier for the “Awaaz”. Murad consistently goes on trying to manipulate Deven. Finally, Murad lives for Delhi.

Analysis:

what are In the very beginning chapter, the novelist, sets the tone and mode of the novel by introducing Deven Sharma, the central character of the novel. Deven is seen with anxiety and unmotivated at the beginning predicting the upcoming troubles which happens with the entry of Murad. By introducing Murad with his manipulative behaviour and taunting remarks on Deven, Anita Desai indicates how capitalistic and self-centred people begin to manipulate with evil intentions in post-partition and postmodern Indian society. The first chapter, with Murad’s asking Deven to go to Delhi, gives the hints regarding going to happen in this novel. In this chapter, the novelist perfectly describes Deven and Murad with the indicative words to show the homeless, displaced, and alienated condition of both the characters that lead them to go through existential crisis. Though Deven is a lecturer of Hindi language and literature, his writing reviews on Urdu literature and Murad’s intention of sending him to Nur, the legendary Urdu poet, give the readers hints regarding Deven’s passionate love for Urdu literature. The first chapter also indicates Deven’s poor financial condition. How Urdu language along with its community faces tremendous blow of oblivion by Hindi language and Hindi speaking community is indicated in chapter 1 when Murad exposes the endangered condition of Urdu language. Anita Desai’s presentation of Murad, in chapter 1, as someone who pretends to be the ardent lover of Urdu gives the readers earlier hints of Murad’s toiling regarding this language as something ironical and for his self-interest.

Chapter-2

In chapter 2, Anita Desai describes Mirpore as cruel trap or prison house. She describes this small town as unhygienic and polluted. In Mirpore, both Hindu and Muslims live. Mirpore forces Deven to go through existential crisis. Deven sees his opportunity to interview Nur as a means of escape from the hellish trap of existential crisis. He decides to go to Delhi out of his passionate love for Urdu language and literature as Murad gives him an opportunity to take the interview of Nur whom he worships and idolises. Nur is the epitome of Urdu literature, from his earlier life. When he reaches Murad doesn’t welcome him and doesn’t help him by providing Deven Nur’s address. He tries to find Nur’s residence, but fails. After this, Murad gives Deven a boy from his office to help him to find out Nur’s residence. Murad writes a letter and informs Deven that it will help him while meeting with Nur. Deven doubted the importance of this letter of Murad as in comparison to the stature of Nur, Murad was too mean.

Analysis:

In chapter two, the setting of this novel is symbolic as it expresses the thematic concerns of this novel. The polluted and unhygenic condition of Mirpur signifies the claustrophobic and homeless condition of Deven along with many other character. This setting symbolises the socio-economic and political aspects which trap people in post-partition India. By setting Deven’s house in an area where Hindus and Mohammedans live side by side, the novelist gives the hint that communal intolerance consisting of the linguistic colonisation is going to be an important theme in this novel.

Deven’s decision of going to Delhi signifies his escapism from his death-in-life situation. Deven’s decision to go to Delhi proves that he was forcibly detached from Urdu language by contemporary repressive socio-economic and political pressure that compelled him to study Hindi and become lecturer in Hindi. Murad’s refusal of helping Deven shows his betrayal of friendship that presents the degradation of friendship which strengthens the condition of existential crisis in post-partition India. Even the similar unhygenic and unhealthy condition of Delhi show that escapism from hellish lived reality in postmodern India is impossible. The setting of Nur’s living in unhygenic and polluted Chandni Chowk with his deplorable and chaotic home signify the destructive condition of Urdu language itself.

Chapter-3

The boy demands something to be eaten as he helps Deven to find out Nur’s house. Deven becomes disillusioned to see of Nur’s living in an unhygienic and filthy place at Chandni Chowk in Delhi as he nurtured that Nur, being the god like figure, will live in a distinguished place and house. After much difficulties, Deven reaches Nur’s house by passing through the chaotic and polluted Chandni Chowk bazar. He sees Nur surrounded by vulgar and uneducated persons whose status never match that of Nur. Nur enjoys their company and drinks with them. Deven comes to know that Nur has two wives. The second wife namely Imtiaz Begum was a prostitute earlier. When Deven tells Nur that he has come to interview Nur and he has great desire to know a lot of Urdu literature, Nur makes fun of it. Nur says that nobody thinks of this language any longer. With the partition in 1947, the significance of Urdu language is over as most of the Muslims have gone to Pakistan. He satirizes Deven because being a lecturer of Hindi, his love to know Urdu language is unbelievable. He even doubts Deven as spy of the existing government. In the mean time Nur’s second wife comes to scold Nur for drinking too much. All these happenings and Deven’s disillusionment led him to decide to come back to Mirpur with out taking interview of Nur.

Analysis:

The setting of Nur’s residence in a chaotic place like Chandni Chowk disillusioned Deven of his illusory thinking on Nur. It symbolically destroys Deven’s hope of getting rescued from his displaced condition by getting feelings of home and belonging psychologically. The chaotic surroundings of Nur’s house and the deplorable condition of Nur’s house with his companions of uneducated bazar people signifie the endangered condition of Urdu language itself in post-partition India. Even Nur’s says that with the partition in 1947, the Urdu language departed to Pakistan along with migrated Muslims. This saying indicates how the language has become associated with a particular religious section in post-partition India by making the beloved language from other religious section unavailable. This saying indicates linguistic colonisation in postpartition India where under the repressive dominance of Hindi language and Hindi speaking community, the existence of Urdu language and Urdu culture along with its community becomes endangered. Introduction of Imtiaz Begum with her controlling appearance and her identity of prostitute before becoming Nur’s wife indicates the establishment of Imtiaz Begum as New Woman in the later part of the novel.

Chapter-4

After His disillusionment was over, he decides to return to Mirpur. While returning by bus, he finds himself conflicted by thinking whether he should stay in Old Delhi to interview Nur or return to Mirpur to keep himself busy with his activities in his college. Returning to Mirpur, he directly goes to the college instead of going to his home. Deven doesn’t want to face quarrelsome and mechanical face of his wife Sarla. He, later in that day, returns home only to be behaved as a stranger to Sarla. His proximity with Manu, his little son, doesn’t sooth him. He later receives a letter with surprise from Nur with his consent of making Deven his secretary. He also comes to know that Murad is agree to publish his work.

Analysis:

The conflicted sensibility of Deven to decide whether to deal with Nur’s poetry staying in Old Delhi or returning to Mirpur to be drowned into his death-in-like existence shows the existential and identity crisis of postmodern people in Indian society. For the first time, Deven’s unhappy and mechanical conjugal relationship with his wife Sarla is introduced in this chapter. It shows Deven’s failure to be a good husband and father. That Sarla is going to be an important character in this novel is indicated in this chapter.

Chatper 5

Deven feels conflicted by thinking whether to resign from his job as lecturer and join Nur’s proposal of being his secretary. But ultimately he decides to stay with his job as lecturer for having certain source of earning. Being repeatedly encouraged by Murad to pursue his long-desired dream, Deven again visits Old Delhi and goes to Nur. Going there, he sees the celebration of the birthday of Nur’s second wife, Imtiaz Begum with the recitation of some of Urdu poetry written and recited by Imtiaz Begum by putting Nur in side line. The people, without the taste and ability to understand the great Urdu poetry, surrounded there. After some time on that day, Deven meets Nur to another room where Nur narrates how Imtiaz begum has made Nur her puppet. Deven informs Nur that he wants to take an interview of him and Nur agrees with the saying that he will recite some of his poems. Deven also informs that he will be publishing a whole book on the life of Nur if the later doesn’t have any problem and Nur agrees. In the meantime, Nur’s two wives enter there and Deven departs from there. Murad also promises Deven that he will be publishing a full memoir of Nur if Deven writes it. As the time for his publication comes nearer, Murad repeatedly demands Deven to go to Nur and asks him to record that interview session in a tape recorder.

Analysis:

Deven’s conflicted situation regarding whether to resign from his job to pursue his dream shows how the poor financial condition traps the people in post-partition Indian society. The celebration of the birthday of Imtiaz Begum with the recitation of some of her own poems sidelining Nur is very symbolic. It shows how the Urdu language itself has been sidelined. This incident shows how Nur becomes homeless and displaced by becoming a puppet in the hand of Imtiaz Begum. Imtiaz’s intention of reciting her own poems shows her zeal to become a famous poet by entering the male domain of writers. Her fire of challenging gender stereotyping and gender normativity comes into surface. Though Nur took Deven to another room and says that he will give an interview, the interfare of Imtiaz forces Deven to leave from there which proves the puppet like condition of both Nur and Urdu language, even in the hand of the people of Urdu speaking community.

Chapter-6

Chapter 6 begins with Siddiqui. He is the head of the marginalized Urdu department in Ram Lal College at Mirpur. He hears from Deven that the later has decided to work with Nur, and feeling the need of financial assistance to buy a tape recorder. Siddiqui arranges the money from the college and Deven, along with Murad, goes to a tape recorder shop. Deven has no idea regarding electronics and its prices. A nexus seems to be there between Murad and the owner of the tape recorder shop. He buys it according to the instructions of Murad. The owner of tape recorder shop engages a boy namely Chiku to assist Deven to record the interview session.

Analysis:

This chapter exposes the inactive attitude of even Urdu lecturer namely Siddiqui towards the endangered situation of Urdu language. Despite being the descendant of those Nawabs who decided to stay with India, Siddiqui’s careless attitude towards the destruction of this language shows how the inactive and careless attitude of educated people of Urdu community like Siddiqui accelerate the oblivion of this language. This chapter probably indicates the marginalized position of Urdu language along with Siddiqui even in colleges in post-partition India.

Even the capitalistic and self-centred attitude of Murad also become clear again that show the betrayal and degradation of friendship in post-partition India.

Chapter-7

Deven, along with Chiku, goes to Nur’s house to interview Nur. But reaching there he comes to know of the sickness of Imtiaz Begum. In this situation, Nur refuses to be interviewed. Nur also informs his inability to recite some of his poetry due to being censored by his second wife. Imtiaz Begum thinks that nobody wants to listen to the useless poetry of Nur as the listeners are enchanted with her famous poetry. An opportunity of interview comes when Nur informs Deven that he will send Imtiaz to the hospital. But this opportunity fails as Imtiaz refuses to be sent to the hospital. When Deven gives up his hope of having interview of Nur, Safia Begum, Nur’s first wife comes ahead to help by saying that she will help to conduct interviewing Nur by helping Nur go out through the back door. But Deven again gets shocked to hear that Safia Begum expects some payment for this. Deven feels disappointed as he can’t afford the money Safia Begum wants to conduct money. Deven returns to Mirpur with broken heart.

This chapter explains, in details, how Nur has become a puppet in the hand of Imtiaz Begum. What Nur will do and what not are exclusively decided by Imtiaz Imtiaz’s pretention to be sick to prevent Nur from giving interview to Deven shows the jealous attitude of Imtiaz towards the reclamation of Nur. When Imtiaz says that nobody intends to listen to Nur’s poetry and also says that people remain enchanted to listen her own poetry, we come to see the fierce intention of her to be a great poet by putting her foot in the male domain of writing. The kind of atmosphere prevails in the surrounding of Nur symbolises the kind of socio-economic and political forces which directs Nur and the Urdu language, culture, and the whole community to the path of oblivion. The money-making attitude of Nur’s first wife also presents the degraded conjugal relationship in postmodern India.

Chapter-8

Deven feels disappointed for the repeated failure of his attempt to interview Nur. Moreover, Sarla, his wife goes on teasing hurting him telling teasing words on his efforts to interview Nur. Then, Deven again receives a letter from Nur in which Nur says that he agrees for interview and he wants Deven to copy his poems. But Deven feels more pained as he will not be able to conduct the interview due to his financial shortage. He visits Abid Siddiqui again for financial help. Siddiqui manages the funding for Deven out of his good relationship with the register of the college. But apart from he had to have sanctioned leave from Mr. Trivedi, his departmental head. But money, Mr. Trivedi scolds him bitterly when Deven approaches him with the plea of a week’s leave. Ultimately Deven gets his leave and gets prepared to face the next hurdles in the form of Sarla to go to Delhi for interviewing Nur. Sarla goes on behaving rudely to listen Deven’s decision to go to Delhi. Ultimately, he overcomes this difficult by sending Sarla and Manu, his little son, to her father. After all these efforts, he heads for Delhi.

 

Analysis:

This chapter shows that though Abid Siddiqui, the departmental head of Urdu, himself can’t do anything to save Urdu language from the course of oblivion, he nurtures heart-felt desire to see the recovery of Urdu language. Probably, Siddiqui’s passivity to recover this language was the cause of various socio-economic and political pressures, even the people like Siddiqui cannot do anything out of fear of some invisible forces. It shows the homeless and displaced condition of Siddiqui in post-partition India.

The way Deven is scolded by his departmental head shows the insensible attitudes of highly educated people towards Urdu language in post-partition India that led this language to destruction.

Deven’s irresponsible attitude towards his family becomes clear in this chapter. He doesn’t think and take care of his wife and son that destroys the warmth of conjugal relationship. He doesn’t even think twice to send his wife and son to her father only to pursue his dream. Even Sarla’s failure as ideal wife by playing the role of a friend also becomes evident here.

Analysis:

Reaching Delhi again, Deven pays Safia Begum who has hired a room for the interview of Nur. Deven along with untrained and unprofessional Chiku wait for the arrival of Nur. Nur enters along with his so called companions who understands nothing of Urdu poetry and who loves only drinking and eating. Nur asks for the arrangement of biriyani and Rum for him and his companions instead of saying anything on his poetry. Disgusted by this, Deven tells Murad to arrange food and drinks for Nur and his useless companions. Murad says that he will arrange on the condition that he will deduct this expenditures from Deven’s payment to which Deven agrees. Nur goes on speaking. But he doesn’t talk on his verses consistently. He talks of Urdu poetry sometimes. Besides, the unprofessional Chiku fails to record this session perfectly as he can’t understand what to record and what to not record. Nur’s addicted companions create problems also. This interview session continues for three weeks. When the tape ends, Deven tries to note it down on papers what Nur says on his verses occasionally. Suddenly, Nur snatches Deven’s paper and begins to write poetry on it to the great satisfaction of Deven. But Deven’s temporary happiness gets over as Nur stops writing on the paper by saying that his creative genius has been over. Thus, the interview session comes to an end.

Chapter-9

This chapter throws light on Deven’s excitement as he reaches close to his dream. Safia Begum’s hiring a room with filthy atmosphere gives a hint regarding the failed interview session even before the beginning of the interview session. Nur’s coming along with his addicted and dull headed companions, even in the place of interview shows hoe rotten the position of this language has become. Nur’s putting emphasis on food and drinking ahead of Urdu poetry itself presents that the Urdu language has reached the verge of its death as, even, its legendary patron becomes completely ignorant of it.

Murad’s warning regarding the deduction of Deven’s payment to arrange foods and drinks for Nur exposes Murad’s ironical showcasing of himself as an ardent lover of Urdu language.

Though the shopkeeper convinced Deven regarding the ability of Chiku to Chiku’s failure proves how, in postmodern Indian society, people betray others.

Chapter 10

Deven tries to find what he has recorded. But he saw that nothing significant has been recorded and his entire toiling has come to an end with failures. Seeing the insignificant recording, Murad instructs Deven to return to Mirpur and get the tape edited to sort out something of significance. He goes to Mr. Jain who suggests that Deven should go to Pintu, one of his nephews, to get the tape recording edited perfectly. But Deven doesn’t go to Pintu, and instead, returns to his college namely Ram Lal college in Mirpur. Entering the college, he feels the college colourless. He tries to edit his tape recordings with the help of Dhannu, one of his students. Even after careful editing, the recording doesn’t become worthy to be presented to the college authority whom

Siddiqui convinced by saying that Deven needs money to make a recording of Var poetry to save this language from the course of oblivion. Deven goes to Siddiqui wwking his help to remain safe from the wrath of the college. Siddiqui doesn’t help this endents. Then he receives a letter from Nur with the message that Deven has to pay me and Deven keeps himself busy that night by evaluating answer scripts of his ve hundred rupees as rent for the room where he conducted interview session. Deven es to Murad for the payment. Murad refuses to pay. Instead of returning to Mirpur, he begins to loiter in the streets and finally sits in a garden from where he looks towards the dome of a local mosque to get his answer regarding the significance of Urdu poetry. Analysis:

The feeling of existential crisis of Deven is strengthened to see the failure of his piling to conduct interview session as Chiku has recorded nothing significant. This incident shows how, even, escapism has become difficult for the psychologically homeless and displaced people in post-partition Indian society. Siddiqui’s refusal to help Deven from the wrath of the college authority also shows his detachment from his ardent desire to recover the endangered Urdu language from the course of oblivion. The irony is that despite being the professor of Urdu language, Abid Siddiqui detaches himself from Deven’s ceaseless toiling to recover Urdu language.

Murad’s refusal to help Deven by paying the rents again proves his pretended presentation of himself as ardent lover of Urdu language. Murad leaves Deven in his hard times by breaking the principles of friendship that strengthens the sense of absurdity in the living in postmodern India.

Chapter-11

Deven returns home. Sarla nolonger seems to him ‘stony’. He can realize that even Sarla has her own distress in her life. Deven says to himself that he has tried to fulfil his dream earnestly. He doesn’t blame Murad, and Nur for his failure. He blames himself for his failure. He constantly goes on thinking how to get rid of the wrath of his college authority. He doesn’t sleep properly in nights. Sometimes, he thinks of committing suicide to get rid of this existential crisis. But right then, the dilapidated and dishonerable condition of Nur come into his mind. Despite being the great poet, and legendary figure, Nur leads his life in hellish condition. Deven suddenly feels that his relationship with Nur has been fruitful. He feels the need and responsibility to keep the writings of Nur existent for the sake of the survival of Urdu language, Urdu culture, and the whole Urdu speaking community. Deven feels the need of becoming true custodian of this language.

Deven finds meaning in his life. He feels his existential necessity in the life which was reigned with existential crisis earlier. He feels that he has to work hard to keep the workings of Nur to keep the last surviving traces of this language. Thus, becomes courageous to face the difficulties wait for him in near future.

Analysis:

Deven gains epiphany in his existence. Deven’s loitering in streets and spending sleepless nights by thinking how to get rid of the wrath of his college authority, show the existential crisis in the life of people in post-partition and postmodern India. For the first time in his life, Deven realizes the distressed condition of his wife, Sarla. He probably, feels repentant for not being able to be a perfect husband by staying by the side of his wife. how

Deven’s decision to commit suicide as a means of escapism exposes postmodern people are entrapped in socio-economic and political scenario in post. partition India. Deven’s realization of feeling urgency to become the custodian of Urdu language brings existential meaning in his life. Thus, the Urdu language, and culture get safe custody under Deven. Even Nur along with his Urdu verses also become the custodian by adding existential meaning in the life of Deven. Deven feels placed and at home, for the first time in his life.

Important concepts:

1. Home: Home is a place of both of physical and psychological security. It is a place where one can breathe whole heartedly and can do whatever he wants – it is a place peace and freedom.

2. Place: It is one of the most important concepts in Post colonial literature. position in the context of both of psychological and literal which a person possesses. One’s place is determined by the cultural activities, and in the context language plays its role as the career of culture. Therefore, one’s place becomes secured when he/she can perform his/her cultural activities with a sense of security. So history, cultural and ethnicity validate one’s place.

3. Displacement: A person in the Post colonial concept becomes displaced through the destruction of that community’s history, cultural and ethnicity i.e the language. The person can be psychologically displaced when he/she are forcibly migrated to other places due to the violence of colonizers. He/she becomes psychologically displaced when he/she loses sense of security to speak in their native language performing his/ her cultural activities and sometimes after destruction of history and ethnicity of his/ her community.

4. History: History is one of the most important concepts in Post colonial literature to validate and restore the place of a community as it restores the root of the endangered community.

5. Culture : Culture determines the identity of a community. It means the sharing of common values, food, habits, dress-code, customs, religious festivals, literature and so on. Hence, the place or identity of a community gets destructed through the colonisation and destruction of a culture

6. Homelessness and Beyond: When a person cannot perform his/her cultural activities to keep their root alive with a sense of security and feels threatened by the colonial masters not only to do what he/she likes but also to live with his own willing, he becomes Homeless. From the sense of Homelessness he begins to live in a third place and cannot find their root.

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